Configuration and management of scalable global private networks

ABSTRACT

This disclosure describes techniques for configuring and managing scalable global private networks associated with a service provider. Different input mechanisms, such as an API, a UI, or a CLI may be utilized to configure, and manage a global private network that spans across the cloud in different geographic locations and connects to different stand-alone networks. The user may proactively use the input mechanisms to configure and query different network resources to reactively configure settings for reacting to one or more events. The input mechanisms may also be utilized to define the network resources to be modeled within the global private network as well as connections within the global network. A user may configure events/metrics to be monitored, tasks/workflows to be performed, and the like. In some configurations, a network management service (NMS) may perform health monitoring and reachability monitoring to identify possible issues in the global network.

BACKGROUND

Companies of all sizes are challenged with efficiently and reliablynetworking their branch offices. To connect a remotely located branchoffice, a company may utilize a private network that includes leasedline circuits that are backhauled to a corporate data center and/or theuse of lower-cost broadband Internet. As a company that utilizes leasedline circuits expands and add more branches, the company continues toadd physical, leased line wide area networks (WANs). Scaling out thesetraditional WANs can be costly as companies have to provision and manageexpensive new leased-lines and hardware. While some companies mayattempt to utilize lower-cost broadband Internet to connect remotebranches, the use of lower-cost broadband Internet to expand can also bedifficult and time-consuming. For example, a company may spend asignificant amount of time and money developing custom solutions toutilize broadband Internet. These custom solutions may include customsoftware and may use software, and devices from various networkingvendors. The company may also have to obtain Internet services from avariety of different broadband providers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is set forth below with reference to theaccompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of areference number identifies the figure in which the reference numberfirst appears. The use of the same reference numbers in differentfigures indicates similar or identical items. The systems depicted inthe accompanying figures are not to scale and components within thefigures may be depicted not to scale with each other.

FIG. 1 is a software and network architecture diagram showing aspects ofconfiguration and management of a scalable global private network.

FIG. 2 is a software and network architecture diagram showing aspects ofa network management system (NMS) interacting with different networks ofa global network.

FIG. 3 is a software and network architecture diagram showing aspects ofcommunication between a network and an NMS.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example system diagram in which networks may belinked using redundant pathways.

FIG. 5A is a diagram showing an exemplary graphical user interface forconfiguring and managing a scalable global private network.

FIG. 5B is a diagram showing an exemplary graphical user interface forregistering a gateway to include within a global network.

FIG. 5C is a diagram showing an exemplary graphical user interface forviewing information about a gateway within a global network.

FIG. 5D is a diagram showing an exemplary graphical user interface forviewing a graph representing a portion of the global network andperforming a search of the graph.

FIG. 5E is a diagram showing an exemplary graphical user interface forviewing a graph representing a global network.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine forconfiguration and management of a scalable global private network,according to some examples.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine for creating agateway within the global network, according to some examples.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine for monitoringnetwork endpoints for connectivity, according to some examples.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine 900 formonitoring the global network to generate metrics, according to someexamples.

FIG. 10 is a system and network diagram that shows an illustrativeoperating environment including several data centers that can beconfigured to implement aspects of the functionality described herein.

FIG. 11 is a computing system diagram illustrating a configuration for adata center that can be utilized to implement aspects of thetechnologies disclosed herein.

FIG. 12 is a computer architecture diagram showing an illustrativecomputer hardware architecture for implementing a computing device thatcan be utilized to implement aspects of the various technologiespresented herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure relates to techniques for configuring and managingscalable global private networks. As used herein, a “scalable globalprivate network”, which may be referred to herein is a “global privatenetwork” or “global network”, is a network that utilizes one or moreservice/cloud provider networks (sometimes referred to simply as a“cloud”) to span different geographic locations and connect differentstand-alone networks. A “stand-alone network” may include networks thatare external to the service provider network (e.g., at client-ownedpremises or client-managed data centers) and/or networks that includecomputing resources allocated within a service provider network onbehalf of a user (e.g., a virtual private cloud (VPC)). Using techniquesdescribed herein, a user of a service provider network may utilize anetwork management service (NMS) to configure, visualize, and manage aglobal private network that spans across the cloud in differentgeographic locations and connects to different stand-alone networksassociated with the user.

According to some configurations, the NMS may expose different inputmechanisms to interact with a global private network, such as agraphical user interface (GUI), a user interface (UI), a command lineinterface (CLI), an application programming interface (API), and thelike. In some examples, the NMS may generate a connected graph usingindustry-standard graph description language to represent the globalprivate network and then display a visual representation of the networkgraph within a GUI. The network graph may include nodes that representdifferent aspects of the global network, such as computing resources,networking resources, and other indicators that show connections betweendifferent the resources, as well as data that may indicate informationabout the global private network (e.g., metrics, events, versions of thegraph, changes to the graph, . . . ). According to some configurations,the user, or some device, service, or component may also query thenetwork graph. For instance, a user may provide a query to the NMS todetermine whether a particular change has been made to the network,locate one or more resources within the network, view one or moremetrics, and the like. These graph-based queries may be performed by auser to analyze the network at scale such that the user does not have togenerate a query for each different region and/or network that is partof the global network.

According to some configurations, the NMS may associate metadata withthe network graph. As an example, the NMS may annotate the network graphto indicate network capacity, metadata, state, and the like. Theannotations may be associated with nodes of the graph and/or edges ofthe graph that connect the nodes. The NMS may also generate subgraphsfor portions of the global network, such that cloud, or stand-alonelocal networks can be imported/exported and merged into the globalnetwork. For instance, the user may request that a graph be generated ofa stand-alone network that the user wants to add to the global network.After generating the network graph, the user may utilize the GUI toconnect the stand-alone network to the global network.

According to some examples, the NMS exposes an API for the configurationand management of the global network. An API refers to an interfaceand/or communication protocol between a client and a server, such thatif the client makes a request in a predefined format, the client shouldreceive a response in a specific format or initiate a defined action. Inthe cloud provider network context, APIs provide a gateway for customersto access cloud infrastructure by allowing customers to obtain data fromor cause actions within the cloud provider network, enabling thedevelopment of applications that interact with resources and serviceshosted in the cloud provider network. APIs can also enable differentservices of the cloud provider network to exchange data with oneanother. The user may utilize the API and/or some other input mechanismto configure and manage the global private network from one location.The user may proactively use the API to configure and query differentnetwork resources as well as use the API to reactively configuresettings for reacting to one or more events. The events may indicatechanges to the global network, such as but not limited to networkadditions, deletions, topology changes, and the like. The user may alsouse the API to configure alarms that may be triggered in response to ametric associated with the network changing (e.g., exceeding a value,dropping below a specified value, entering/leaving a particular range ofvalues, . . . ).

Having the ability to configure and manage a global private network froma centralized location helps the user to build self-healing networks.For instance, the user may configure monitoring of different events andalarms and based on an occurrence of an alarm and/or an event perform anevent-driven configuration (e.g., using AWS® Lambda) that automaticallyreacts to network changes quickly and provides the user with tools toautomatically reconfigure their global private networks to mitigateimpacts without human intervention. The API may also be utilized by theuser to define the network resources to be modeled within the globalprivate network, the connections between the network resources, theconnections between a stand-alone network, the cloud network, and/orother networks.

In some examples, the user might also utilize the GUI, API, or CLIexposed by the NMS to configure metrics to be monitored, tasks/workflowsto be performed (e.g., based on an occurrence of one or more eventsand/or alarms being triggered), and the like. In some configurations,the NMS may also perform operations on behalf of the user, such ashealth monitoring, reachability analysis (static and/or dynamic) andmonitoring, and the like. As users run tasks across the cloud andstand-alone networks forming the global private network, the NMS mayperform dynamic network reachability monitoring to assist the user inidentifying possible problems with connectivity between differentendpoints. For example, the NMS may utilize Two-Way Active MeasurementProtocol (TWAMP), or some other dynamic analysis to identifyconnectivity between endpoints.

The Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol (TWAMP) is an open protocol thatmay be used to measure network performance between two network endpoints(e.g., devices in the network) that support the TWAMP framework.Generally, TWAMP is a framework that separates sessions based on theclient/server architecture. The TWAMP client initiates a TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) connection and acts as a control-client and asession-sender, while the TWAMP server acknowledges the TCP connectionand performs the roles of a server and a session-reflector.TWAMP-Control messages are exchanged between the endpoints andTWAMP-Test messages are exchanged between the session-sender and thesession-reflector.

Managing reachability can be difficult in large, complex networks thatspan across both stand-alone networks and the cloud, as the monitoringand analysis of the reachability depends on the correct configuration ofmany resources and networking devices. Further, the global network mayinclude firewalls, security groups, access control lists (ACLs)/networkaccess control lists (NACLs) that are configured to block/allow trafficto flow between different network endpoints. In some cases, staticnetwork reachability analysis can be performed by the NMS before tasksare run across the global network. For instance, in some examples, theNMS may use formal methods, or some other verification technique, todetermine whether the network is configured properly such that networkendpoints are reachable. “Formal methods” refers to design techniquesthat use rigorously specified mathematical models to build software andhardware systems. Formal methods may utilize mathematical proof as acomplement to dynamic testing in order to help ensure correct behavior.According to some configurations, the NMS is configured to performstatic reachability analysis and/or dynamic reachability monitoring todetermine network reachability between endpoints and policy-basedreachability to simplify the network monitoring and management.

According to some configurations, users may also define policies orintents on reachability, such as “VPC A can reach stand-alone network inCIDR range X” or “VPC D cannot reach VPC E”, and the NMS configures thenetwork accordingly. This makes network management and configurationeasier and less error-prone. In some examples, users may specify metricsand/or alarms for different endpoints within the network (e.g., monitorwhether two points in a network, A and B, can or cannot reach eachother).

While the techniques described herein are with reference to configuringand managing global networks, the techniques are equally applicable tomanagement of other networks. Additionally, while the examples hereindiscuss utilization of networks provided by a service provider,implementations are not so limited. For example, the techniques providedherein may be operating in other networks, across networks provide bydifferent service providers, and the like.

Certain implementations and examples of the disclosure will now bedescribed more fully below with reference to the accompanying figures,in which various aspects are shown. However, the various aspects may beimplemented in many different forms and should not be construed aslimited to the implementations set forth herein. The drawings herein arenot drawn to scale. Like numerals represent like elements throughout theseveral figures (which might be referred to herein as a “FIG.” or“FIGS.”).

FIG. 1 is a software and network architecture diagram 100 showingaspects of configuration and management of a scalable global network. Itis to be appreciated that the environment 100 is merely illustrative andthat the various configurations disclosed herein can be utilized in manydifferent types of computing environments.

To provide functionality disclosed herein, the NMS 102 may include oneor more computing resources 120. The computing resources 120 may beprovided by a service provider that operates one or more service/cloudprovider networks 104 (sometimes referred to simply as a “cloud”), whichrefers to a large pool of network-accessible computing resources (suchas compute, storage, and networking resources, applications, andservices), which may be virtualized or bare-metal. The cloud can provideconvenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurablecomputing resources that can be programmatically provisioned andreleased in response to user commands. These resources can bedynamically provisioned and reconfigured to adjust to variable load.Cloud computing can thus be considered as both the applicationsdelivered as services over a publicly accessible network (e.g., theInternet, a cellular communication network, etc.) and the hardware andsoftware in cloud provider data centers that provide those services.

A cloud provider network can be formed as a number of different regions,where a region is a separate geographical area in which the cloudprovider clusters data centers. Each region can include two or moreavailability zones connected to one another via a private high-speednetwork, for example a fiber communication connection. An availabilityzone (also known as an availability domain, or simply a “zone”) refersto an isolated failure domain including one or more data centerfacilities with separate power, separate networking, and separatecooling from those in another availability zone. Preferably,availability zones within a region are positioned far enough away fromone other that the same natural disaster (or other event) should nottake more than one availability zone offline at the same time. Users canconnect to availability zones of the cloud provider network via apublicly accessible network (e.g., the Internet, a cellularcommunication network) by way of a transit center (TC). TCs are theprimary backbone locations linking users to the cloud provider networkand may be collocated at other network provider facilities (e.g.,Internet service providers, telecommunications providers) and securelyconnected (e.g. via a VPN or direct connection) to the availabilityzones. Each region can operate two or more TCs for redundancy. The cloudprovider network may deliver content from points of presence outside of,but networked with, these regions by way of edge locations and regionaledge cache servers.

The cloud provider network can provide on-demand, scalable computingplatforms to users through a network, for example allowing users to haveat their disposal scalable “virtual computing devices” via their use ofthe compute servers and block store servers. These virtual computingdevices have attributes of a personal computing device includinghardware (various types of processors, local memory, random accessmemory (“RAM”), hard-disk and/or solid-state drive (“SSD”) storage), achoice of operating systems, networking capabilities, and pre-loadedapplication software. Each virtual computing device may also virtualizeits console input and output (“I/O”) (e.g., keyboard, display, andmouse). This virtualization allows users to connect to their virtualcomputing device using a computer application such as a browser,application programming interface, software development kit, or thelike, in order to configure and use their virtual computing device justas they would a personal computing device. Unlike personal computingdevices, which possess a fixed quantity of hardware resources availableto the user, the hardware associated with the virtual computing devicescan be scaled up or down depending upon the resources the user requires.Users can choose to deploy their virtual computing systems to providenetwork-based services for their own use and/or for use by their usersor clients. The computing resources 120 implemented by the NMS 102 andexecuted on behalf of one or more users of the service provider can bedata processing resources, such as virtual machine (“VM”) instances,data storage resources, networking resources, data communicationresources, network services, and other types of resources.

The computing resources 120 utilized can be general-purpose or can beavailable in a number of specific configurations. For example, dataprocessing resources can be available as physical computers or VMinstances in a number of different configurations. The VM instances canbe configured to execute applications, including web servers, servers,media servers, database servers, some or all of the network servicesdescribed above, and/or other types of programs. Data storage resourcescan include file storage devices, block storage devices, and the like.The NMS 102 can also include and utilize other types of computingresources not mentioned specifically herein.

According to some configurations, servers are utilized to provide atleast a portion of the computing resources 120 and execute softwarecomponents to provide functionality described herein, includingfunctionality related to the configuration and management of globalprivate networks. The software components can execute on a single serveror in parallel across multiple servers in the NMS 102. In addition, asoftware component can consist of subcomponents executing on differentservers or other computing devices in the NMS 102. Various componentscan be implemented as software, hardware, or any combination of the two.In this regard, it is to be appreciated that the NMS 102 shown in FIG. 1has been simplified for discussion purposes and that many additionalsoftware and hardware components can be utilized.

A user 138 of the NMS 102 can utilize a computing device 134, or someother input device, to access the NMS 102 through a network 132. Theuser 138 may be a user of the service provider network 104 that providescomputing resources within the service provider network 104. Thecomputing device 134 is an input/output device configured to receiveinput associated with specifying parameters utilized by the networkmanagement service 122 to configure and manage global private networks.The computing device 134 may also present for display a user interface136, that may be utilized by the user 138 to view a graphicalrepresentation of a global private network, interact with the graphicalrepresentation to set or view parameters associated with the globalprivate network, and the like. The user interface 136 may also beutilized by the user as a CLI to interact with the global privatenetwork.

The computing device 134 may be one or more devices, such as but notlimited to a smart phone, a smart watch, a personal computer (“PC”),desktop workstation, laptop computer, tablet computer, notebookcomputer, personal digital assistants (“PDA”), electronic-book reader,game console, set-top box, consumer electronics device, server computer,or any other type of computing device capable of connecting to thenetwork 132 and communicating with the NMS 102.

As illustrated, the computing device 134 may couple with the NMS 102over a network 132. The network 132 may represent an array or wirednetworks, wireless networks (e.g., WiFi), or combinations thereof. TheNMS 102 may provide a variety of different services (not shown) as anetwork-accessible platform that is implemented as a computinginfrastructure of processors, storage, software, data access, and soforth that is maintained and accessible via the network 132, such as theInternet. These services may not require end-user knowledge of thephysical location and configuration of the system that delivers theservices. Common expressions associated with these remote services,include “on-demand computing”, “software as a service (SaaS)”, “platformcomputing”, “network accessible platform”, and so forth.

The network 132 can be a local-area network (“LAN”), a wide-area network(“WAN”), the Internet, or any other networking topology known in the artthat connects the user devices to the NMS 102. The user 138 can use anapplication (not shown) executing on computing device 134 to access andutilize the functionality provided by NMS 102. In some examples, theapplication is a web browser application, such as the Amazon® Silk® webbrowser, or some other web browser. Generally, a web browser applicationexchanges data with the computing devices in the NMS 102 using thehypertext transfer protocol (“HTTP”) over the network 132.

The application might also be a stand-alone client applicationconfigured for communicating with the NMS 102. The client applicationcan also utilize any number of communication methods known in the art tocommunicate with the NMS 102 across the network 132, including remoteprocedure calls, SOAP-based web services, remote file access,proprietary client-server architectures, and the like. According to someconfigurations, the application provides a user interface 136 that canbe utilized by the user 138 for the configuration and management of oneor more global private networks. The user interface 136 may also beutilized to present data, and/or to interact with the NMS 102.

In some examples, web service users or, in general, clients may utilizeor otherwise control a processing entity of the service provider tocontrol, access, or otherwise manage other computing resources. As such,data associated with the processing entity and/or the computingresources of the service provider may be transmitted to or received fromcomputing resources of a client's private network (or other localnetwork) via one or more network connections. As used herein, aprocessing entity may be a computing resource of the service providerand may include one or more computing devices, such as instantiatedvirtual machine instances, configured to access data of the distributedcomputing system (e.g., provided by the distributed system and acting onbehalf of a client or user of the system).

In some configurations, the service provider may also provide storage,access, and/or placement of one or more computing resources through aservice such as, but not limited to, a web service, a cloud computingservice, or other network-based data management service. For example, auser or processing entity acting on behalf of the user may access, viathe service provider, data storage services and/or data managementservices such that access mechanisms may be implemented and/or providedby the service provider to the processing entity utilizing the computingresources. In some examples, computing resource services, such as thoseprovided by the service provider, may include one or more computingresources accessible across one or more networks through user interfaces(UIs), application programming interfaces (APIs), and/or otherinterfaces where the one or more computing resources may be scalableand/or expandable as desired

As briefly discussed above, a user of a service provider network, and/ora component or device, may utilize the NMS 102 to configure, visualize,and manage a global private network that spans across the cloud indifferent geographic locations and connects to different stand-alonenetworks associated with the user. According to some configurations, theNMS 102 exposes different input mechanisms to interact with a globalprivate network, such as a user interface (UI) 136, a command lineinterface (CLI), API(s) 140, and the like. In some examples, the NMS 102may generate a connected graph using industry-standard graph descriptionlanguage to represent the global private network. The NMS 102, networkmanagement service 122, or some other component may display a visualrepresentation of the network graph within a GUI, such as within UI 136(e.g., See FIGS. 5C, 5D, and 5E). The NMS 102 may store the graph asdata 128 in the data store 126, or at some other location (e.g., in adata store of an external network 116).

The network graph may include nodes that represent different resourcesand/or connections between resources/networks, indicators that showconnections between the nodes, as well as data that may indicateinformation about the global private network (e.g., metrics, events,versions of the global network, changes to the global network, . . . ).According to some configurations, the user 138 and/or service, device,or component may also query the network graph. For instance, a user orservice (e.g., network management service 122 and/or other service(s)124) may provide a query via a CLI, an API, using a search box within aGUI, to the NMS 102 to determine whether a particular change has beenmade to the network, locate one or more resources within the network,view one or more metrics, and the like. These graph-based queries may beperformed by a user 138 to analyze the network at scale such that theuser does not have to generate a query for each different geographicarea of the global network and/or network that is part of the globalnetwork.

According to some configurations, the user 138 and/or the NMS 102 mayassociate metadata with the network graph. As an example, the NMS 102may annotate the network graph to indicate network capacity, metadata,state, relationships between the connected nodes, and the like. The NMS102 may also generate subgraphs for portions of the global network, suchthat cloud, or stand-alone local networks can be imported/exported andmerged into the global network. For instance, the user 138 may requestthat a graph be generated of a stand-alone network (e.g., externalnetwork 116A), that the user wants to add to the global network. Aftergenerating the network graph, the user 138 may utilize the GUI, CLI,and/or the API to connect the stand-alone network to the global network.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the user 138 has created a global network thatspans three regions 118 including VPCs 112 and connects externalnetworks 116. As briefly discussed above, the user 138 may utilize a UI136, API(s) 140, or some other mechanism to configure and manage aglobal network. As a particular example, assume that user 138 hasutilized UI 136 to configure and manage the global network asillustrated in FIG. 1. Using the UI 136, the user 138 may select networkresources to include within the global network. For instance, the user138 may utilize a GUI to define that network 118A associated with afirst geographic location, which may be referred to herein as a“network”, includes VPC 112A, VPC 112B, and VPC 112C connected using agateway 106A that are connected to resources 114A in external network116A using external connector 108A.

As used herein, a “gateway” is a gateway service that enables users toconnect Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs) 112 and stand-alone networks, suchas external networks 116 across different geographic locations/areas andthe cloud. As a company grows and the global network grows, a gatewaymakes it easier for managing point-to-point connectivity across manydifferent VPCs 112 and external networks 116, with the ability tocentrally manage connectivity policies. As illustrated, the user 138 mayalso attach a VPN 110A to a gateway 106A that is connected to the VPCs112A-112C, without requiring the user 138 to attach a VPN 110 to eachVPC.

Generally, a gateway 106 acts as a hub that controls how traffic isrouted among the connected networks. According to some configurations,the gateway 106 utilizes a hub and spoke model, where the spokes connectthe hub to the different VPCs 112 and/or VPNs 110. Any new VPC 112 addedis simply connected to the gateway 106A and is then automaticallyavailable to every other network that is connected to the gateway 106A.In various examples, the routing/forwarding of network packets from oneattached stand-alone network to another stand-alone network (e.g., VPC112A to VPC 112B) is managed by one or more gateways 106 based onmetadata and/or policies provided by the users. According to someexamples, the gateways may be created using AWS® Transit Gateway.

In some configurations, the NMS 102 may expose functionality forincorporating an existing network into a global network. For instance,the user 138 may access a graph that represents network 118C and selectan option within the UI 136 and/or programmatically through an API 140that adds network 118C to the global network. According to someexamples, the gateway 106D that connects the different networks 118A,118B, and 118C may be added in response to a command received from auser and/or automatically in response to connecting a network beingadded to the global network. In the current example, the network 118Cincludes VPC 112H, VPC 1121, and VPC 1121 connected using a gateway 106Cthat are connected to resources 114C in external network 116C using link142 and external connector 108C. Gateway 106D connects network 118A tonetwork 118C.

As another example, the user 138 may utilize a CLI to generate therepresentation of network 118B. In the current example, the network 118Bincludes VPC 112D, VPC 112E, VPC 112F, and VPC 112G connected using agateway 106B that are connected to resources 114B in external network116B using VPN 110B and external connector 108B. Gateway 106D connectsnetwork 118B to network 118C, and network 118A. See FIGS. 5A-5E andrelated description for example GUIs for configuring and managing aglobal network.

Networks 118 may have different resources 114 and connections. Forexample, network 118A may comprise a set of resources 114 at a datacenter or premise external to the service provider network's own datacenters, which may be linked to the service provider network 104 usingVPN 110 (virtual private network) tunnels or connections that utilizeportions of the public Internet. Network 118C may also compriseresources 114C at premises outside the service provider network 104,connected to the service provider network 104 via dedicated physicallinks (which may be referred to as “direct connect” links), such as link142, in the depicted example. The networks 118 may also include one ormore virtual networks, such as VPCs 112, set up using resources locatedat the provider network's data centers. A virtual network may comprise acollection of networked resources (including, for example, virtualmachines) allocated to a given client of the service provider network104, which are logically isolated from (and by default, inaccessiblefrom) resources allocated for other clients in other virtual networks.The client on whose behalf a virtual network is established may begranted substantial flexibility regarding network configuration for theresources of the virtual network (e.g., private IP addresses for virtualmachines may be selected by the client without having to consider thepossibility that other resources within other virtual networks may havebeen assigned the same IP addresses, subnets of the client's choice maybe established within the virtual network, security rules may be set upby the client for incoming and outgoing traffic with respect to thevirtual network, and so on). Similar flexibility may also apply toconfiguration settings at VPN-connected external networks such asexternal network 116A and external network 116B, and/or at externalnetworks 140C connected via dedicated links, such as link 142, to theservice provider network 104.

As briefly discussed above, the user 138, or some otherdevice/component/service, may also utilize the UI 136, the API(s) 140,or some other input mechanism (e.g., speech) for the configuration andmanagement of a global network. For instance, the user 138 may configuremonitoring of different events and alarms and based on an occurrence ofan alarm and/or an event perform an event-driven configuration (e.g.,using AWS® Lambda) that automatically reacts to network changes quicklyand provides the user with tools to automatically reconfigure theirglobal private networks to mitigate impacts without human intervention.

In some examples, the user might also utilize the UI 136, API 140,and/or CLI exposed by the NMS 102 to configure metrics/events to bemonitored, tasks/workflows to be performed (e.g., based on an occurrenceof an event and/or a triggering of an alarm), and the like. In someconfigurations, the NMS 102 may also perform operations on behalf of theuser, such as health monitoring, reachability monitoring, and the like(See FIG. 2 and related discussion for more details). Additional detailsregarding the various components and processes described briefly abovefor configuring and managing global private networks will be providedbelow with regard to FIGS. 2-12.

FIG. 2 is a software and network architecture diagram showing aspects ofa network management system (NMS) 102 interacting with differentnetworks 118 of a global network. FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 in that itshows networks 118 that span different geographic locations but includesfurther details regarding performing reachability analysis andmonitoring of resources within the networks 118.

In the example illustrated by FIG. 2, the global network includes fournetworks 118D-118G. For example, network 118D may include one or moredata centers in a country C1 (or territory, area, etc.), network 118Emay include one or more premises in country C2, network 118F may includelocations in state S1 of country C3, and network 118G may includeresources in states S2 and S3 of country C3. In response to datareceived via the UI 136, the CLI, and/or the API(s) 140, the globalnetwork may be generated and set up within each of the specifiedgeographic areas/locations/regions. Furthermore, in the depictedexample, the user may also have configured one or more external networks116, such as 116D-116G, at premises outside the service providernetwork's data centers to be part of the global network. As discussedabove, such external networks 116 may be connected to the serviceprovider network 104, for example, using VPNs 110 or dedicated physicallinks 142 as discussed earlier.

In order to manage the routing of network traffic in a scalable mannerbetween resources in various of the internal and external isolatednetworks, one or more gateways, such as gateway 106E, can be utilized.The gateway 106E, and gateways 106 included in the networks 118, providenetwork pathways or links that may be used to enable packets to flow atdesired levels of performance and availability. In many cases, there ismore than one path between network endpoints. The paths of the globalnetwork within the service provider network 104 may be provisioned andmanaged (e.g., by adding/acquiring new fiber optic or other types ofphysical links, upgrading or otherwise changing the links and/or devicesused) by the service provider network operator without obtaining inputfrom clients. According to some examples, the NMS 102 configures thepathways that connect the gateways 106 on behalf of the user 136. Forexample, the client may submit a programmatic request using the API(s)140 indicating a set of stand-alone networks that are to be connected toone another using gateways 106, and the network management service 122may configure the region-level gateways as well as one or morecross-region gateways, such as gateway 106E. In some examples, the user138 may not even have to request the establishment of individual ones ofthe gateways. The user experience may thereby be made much smoother oreasier than if the user 138 had to issue multiple programmatic requests.

As illustrated, FIG. 2 shows network 118D including external network116D, network 118E including external network 116E, network 118Fincluding external network 116E, and network 118G including externalnetwork 116G, coupled via gateway 106E. The NMS 102 includes networkmanagement service 122, monitoring service 204, reachability service106, and other services 124. Each network 118 includes a network manager208 configured to perform operations relating to the configuration andmanagement of the global private network. In some configurations, thenetwork managers 208 are configured to interact with the differentservices exposed by the NMS 102.

As briefly discussed above, the reachability service 206 of the NMS 102may perform static and/or dynamic network reachability monitoring toassist the user 138 in identifying possible problems with connectivitybetween different endpoints within a global network. Managing networkreachability can be difficult in large, complex networks that spanacross both stand-alone networks and the cloud, as the monitoring andanalysis of the reachability depends on the correct configuration ofmany resources and networking devices. Further, the global network mayinclude firewalls, security groups, access control lists (ACLs)/networkaccess control lists (NACLs) that are configured to block/allow trafficto flow between different network endpoints. According to someconfigurations, the reachability service 206 of the NMS 102 isconfigured to manage the monitoring of the different networks, theconnectivity between the networks, and identify problems in networkreachability between different network endpoints.

In some examples, the NMS 102 may receive information from the networkmanagers 208 of the different networks 118 and provide the data to thereachability service 206 to determine reachability between differentendpoints. For example, the NMS 102 may receive events data from anetwork 118 that a network change has been made (e.g., a deviceadded/removed from the global network, setting(s) have been changed, . .. ) and/or metrics data that is associated with performance of thenetwork (e.g., performance of a gateway and/or some other node withinthe global network). The NMS 102 may also transmit instructions to thenetwork managers 118 to perform monitoring of one or more computingresources and/or network resources within the associated region.

According to some configurations, a user 138 may define what endpointsto monitor. For instance, the user 138 may specify one or more policiesthat define what network endpoints to monitor for reachability. As anexample, the user 138 may specify policies that are positively stated,such as “VPC A can reach stand-alone network in CIDR range X” ornegatively stated, such as “VPC D cannot reach VPC E”. The user 138 mayalso specify what events to utilize in determining when to performstatic/dynamic reachability analysis. For example, the reachabilityservice 206 may perform static analysis in response to a change beingmade to the global network and perform dynamic analysis at somespecified period (e.g., every minute, five minutes, . . . ). In someconfigurations, the reachability service 206 may monitor each of thedifferent network endpoints defined within the global network forreachability. This makes network management and configuration easier andless error-prone since the user does not have to individually accesseach network and analyze a flow of data between the networks.

In some examples, users may specify to determine network connectivityfor different endpoints within the network (e.g., monitor whether twopoints in a network, A and B, can or cannot reach each other). One ormore alarms may be configured to trigger in response to a value ofmetric being out of range, exceeding a specified value, below aspecified value, and the like. According to some examples, themonitoring service 204, and the reachability service 206 may monitorvarious network resources/parameters.

In some configurations, the monitoring service 204 is configured toobtain metrics data and/or event data from the networks 118. Generally,metrics data includes metrics that identify a performance of a computingresource and/or a network element. For example, the monitoring service204 may instruct a network manager 208 to monitor, collect and storemetrics data from various network resources, applications, and servicesoperating in the network 118. In some configurations, the monitoringservice 204 collects specified and/or default metrics relating to use ofresources. For example, each region may collect metrics data relating toCPU utilization, data transfer, disk usage, memory usage, bandwidthutilized, latency, and the like.

In some examples, the monitoring service 204 collects metrics associatedwith gateways 106. For example, the metrics may include the number ofbytes received by the gateway, The number of bytes sent from the gateway106, the number of packets received by the gateway 106, the number ofpackets sent by the gateway 106, the number of packets dropped by agateway 106, the number of packets dropped by a gateway 106 because theydid not match a route, and the like. According some configurations, themetrics may also include the number of bytes sent to each connection ofthe gateway 106, the number of packets received by each connection ofthe gateway 106, the number of packets sent by the gateway 106 to eachconnection of the gateway, and the like. As such, the user 138 maymonitor metrics associated with an overall performance of a gateway 106,as well as performance of a gateway 106 with each connection of thegateway 106.

In some configurations, the monitoring service 204 may collect metricsfor VPNs 110, such as a state of the tunnel, a number of bytes receivedthrough a VPN tunnel, bytes sent through the VPN tunnel, and the like.The VPN metrics may be aggregated per VPN tunnel and per VPN connection.According to some examples, the monitoring service 204 may also collectmetrics for VPNs 110 such as a number of down tunnels terminated on adevice, a number of bytes received through a device or link, a number ofbytes sent through a device or link, and the like. The metrics may beaggregated by device and/or by link.

According to some examples, different events may be published by one ormore services, such as by network management service 122 and/or otherservices 124. For instance, in some configuration, the following eventsmay be published a network topology change, a routing update, a networkstatus change, a gateway attachment created, a gateway 106 attachmentdeleted, a gateway 106 added, a gateway 106 deleted, a route/pathcreated in a gateway 106 route table, a route deleted in gateway 106route table, a route replaced in gateway 106 route table, a VPN 110connection created, a VPN 110 connection deleted, VPN 110 connection'sgateway 106 changed, a VPN 110 tunnel's IPSec session went down, a VPN110 tunnel's IPSec session is now up, a VPN 110 tunnel's session wentdown, a VPN 110 tunnel's session is now up, a VPN 110 tunnel's endpointinstance replaced, a route added for VPN 110 connection, route removedfor VPN 110 connection, and the like.

The monitoring service 204 may obtain the data from the differentnetworks 118D and utilize this data to monitor operational performance,troubleshoot issues, and spot trends within each of the differentnetworks 118 forming the global network.

For instance, each network manager 208 may be configured to collect datafor the gateways 106. For instance, the bandwidth usage between the VPCs112 and a VPN 110 connection, packet flow count, packet drop count, andthe like may be monitored. In some examples, information on the IPtraffic routed through a gateway may also be monitored. According tosome configurations, the network management service 122, the monitoringservice 204, and/or the reachability service 206 collects this data inform of logs and metrics. This allows a user to access the metrics dataand reachability data from a single location rather than having toaccess each network in order to obtain the metrics data and reachabilitydata for the entire global network. Instead of monitoring individualsystems and applications in silos (server, network, database, etc.), thedifferent components of the global network may be monitored as acomplete stack (e.g., applications, infrastructure, and services). Thisdata may be then be used the network management service 122, themonitoring service 204, the reachability service 206, and/or some otherservice 124 to trigger alarms, create logs, and generate events that maybe used to perform automated tasks (e.g., take a corrective action,provide warnings to a user 138 via the UI 136, . . . ). Being able toaccess the data from a single location may reduce the Mean Time toResolution (MTTR) to address a problem that is detected or identifiedwithin the network.

A number of different types of metrics may be utilized, including forexample latency metrics associated with individual ones of the networkpathways between networks, bandwidth metrics associated with individualones of network pathways, packet loss metrics associated with individualones of the network pathways, or flow count metrics associated withindividual ones of network pathways. In some examples, a user 138 may beprovided indications of pathways that are available for inter-regiontraffic between stand-alone networks (e.g., the user may be informedthat some paths pass through country C1, others pass through countriesC2 and C3, and the like). In some configurations, the user 138 may beprovided metrics for inter-region traffic (e.g., total number of packetstransmitted between networks 118, latencies for packets sent betweendifferent endpoints, and the like.

As discussed above, the NMS may be configured to perform staticreachability analysis and/or dynamic reachability monitoring todetermine network reachability between endpoints and policy-basedreachability to simplify the network monitoring and management. In someexamples, the reachability service 206 may utilize formal methods, orsome other verification technique, to determine whether the network isconfigured properly such that network endpoints are reachable. Forinstance, the user 138, or some other user associated with the serviceprovider network 104, or some other authorized user may generatemathematical models that model a global network. The reachabilityservice 206 may apply these formal methods in response to changes beingmade to the global network and/or at a request of the user 138 and/or bysome other service, device, or component. In this way, if the userrequests a change to the global network that would result in a loss ofnetwork connectivity, the NMS 102 may provide this information and/orrecommendations to correct this detected loss of connectivity.

The monitoring of the global network allows a user 138 of the serviceprovider network 104 to gain actionable insights that help the user 138optimize application performance, manage resource utilization, andunderstand system-wide operational health of the global network. In someconfigurations, the NMS 102 may utilize monitoring service 204 forcollecting, aggregating, and summarizing compute utilization informationlike TWAMP data, CPU, memory, disk, and network data, as well asdiagnostic information network reachability between various endpoints,to help the user 138 isolate network issues and resolve the issuesquickly. In some examples, the network management service 102 mayperform a self-correcting action (e.g., by executing one or moreworkflows) in response to an alarm triggered by metrics data ormonitoring data.

FIG. 3 is a software and network architecture diagram 300 showingaspects of communication between a network 118 and an NMS 102. It is tobe appreciated that the environment 300 is merely illustrative and thatthe various configurations disclosed herein can be utilized in manydifferent types of computing environments.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, the NMS 102 includes an API 302, aglobal workflow service 304, a global data store 306, an event publisher308 to publish events 312, and a metrics publisher 310 to publishmetrics 314. The NMS 102 communicates with a network manager 208 of thenetwork 118 via the communication channel 316. As illustrated, thenetwork manager 208 includes a regional workflow service 318, a regionaldata store 320, an event service 322, and a metrics service 324. The NMS102 and the network manager 208 may utilize a different number ofcomponents according to other configurations.

According to some examples, the API 302 may be configured to exposefunctionality for interacting with the NMS 102 for configuring andmanaging global networks that span across different geographiclocations/areas/regions. As discussed above, the API 302 may be utilizedby the user 138 to specify parameters associated with the configurationand management of the global network. The API 302 may also be configuredto interact with the network management service 122, and other services124 of the service provider network 104, such as a metrics service 324,and an event service 322.

According to some configurations, communication takes place between theNMS 102 in the service provider network 104 and each region. In theseconfigurations, a network manager 208 in one location does not directlycommunicate with another network manager 208 that is located in adifferent location. In other configurations, network managers 208 maycommunicate with each other.

In some examples, the global data store 306 is configured to store dataassociated with the global networks associated with different users. Theregional data store 320 is configured to store data associated with thenetwork resources that are located within a particular geographic area.The data stores may include one or more databases for storing differenttypes of data, such as a SQL database, a not only SQL (NoSQL) database,a graph database, and the like.

The global workflow service 304 and the regional workflow service 318provide functionality associated with performing actions relating toworkflows. The global workflow service 304 and the regional workflowservice 318 provide functionality for performing different tasks andmanaging intertask dependencies, scheduling, and concurrency inaccordance with the defined logical flow. For instance, the globalworkflow service 304 and/or the regional workflow service 318 may beimplemented using AWS® Lambda and AWS® Step Functions, AWS® SimpleWorkflow service, and the like. Generally, the workflow services mayexecute code and access different computing resources, such as computingresources 120 in the service provider network 104 and/or resources 114included in one or more stand-alone networks 116, or other networks.

The event service 322 is configured to receive and identify differentevents. For example, the event service 322 may be configured to identifychanges in a network, such as changes in a gateway, changes in VPN, andthe like. As discussed above, the events may include events such as butnot limited to network topology changed, routing updates, network statuschanged, gateway 106 updates (e.g., attachment created/deleted, gateway106 added/deleted, route/path altered in a gateway 106 route table, . .. ), VPN 110 updates (e.g., VPN 110 connection created/deleted/changed,VPN 110 tunnel changes, . . . ), and the like. According to someconfigurations, the event service 322 identifies the changes based ondata generated by the metrics service 324, the reachability service 206,and/or some other service, device or component. In some examples, theevent service 322 is a service that runs code without provisioning ormanaging servers (e.g., AWS® Lambda).

The metrics service 324 is configured to generate metrics that may beutilized by the NMS 102 and/or the user 138. In some configurations, themetrics service 324 may utilize one or more services provided by theservice provider network 104. The metrics service 324 collects metricsfrom network resources, and applications to monitor operationalperformance, troubleshoot issues, and spot trends within the globalnetwork.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example system environment 400 in which networks118 may be linked using redundant pathways. As illustrated in FIG. 4,networks 118 are redundantly connected to more than one instance of NMS122. For example, each of the networks 118A, 118B, and 118C may beconnected to both NMS 122A and NMS 122B within the global network. NMS122A and NMS 122B may be located in different geographic regions and/orin the same geographic region. Further, the networks 118 may beconnected to more than two instances of NMS 122. According to someexamples, data between the NMS 122A and NMS 122B are replicated. In thisway, in case an NMS 102 goes down (or is experiencing issues that affectperformance), the redundant NMS may provide services to the networks118.

FIGS. 5A-5E are diagrams showing exemplary graphical user interfaces forconfiguring and management of scalable global private networks. In someexamples, the user configures and manages a global private network usinga graphical user interface (GUI). In other examples, the user may use acommand line interface, or utilize an Application Programming Interface(API). FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, and 5E illustrates example graphical userinterfaces 500, 520, 540, 570, and 592 where the user 138 can configureand manage scalable global private networks. In some instances, the NMS102 may provide data for displaying a GUI to a display associated withthe user computing device 138.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 5A, GUI 500 shows user interface (UI)elements for selecting a global network. More or fewer UI elements maybe included within GUI 500. As illustrated, the GUI 500 includes asearch global network UI element 504 to enter a search term to locate adefined global network. An edit global network UI element 506 may alsobe provided that, when selected, is used to edit a global network. Forinstance, the user 138 may select “Global Network 1” as indicated byindicator 514.

GUI 500 also includes a view global network UI element 508 to view aglobal network. For example, selecting the view global network UIelement 508 may cause a graph of the global network to be displayed (SeeFIG. 5D and 5E for example graphs of a global network). Create globalnetwork UI element 512 may be used to delete a previously created globalnetwork. Delete global network UI element 510 may be used to delete apreviously created global network. For example, selecting the deleteglobal network UI element 510 may cause the selected global network tobe deleted.

FIG. 5B shows GUI 520 that includes user interface (UI) elements forregistering a gateway 106 to include within a global network. More orfewer UI elements may be included within GUI 520. As illustrated, theGUI 520 includes a gateways UI element 522, a devices UI element 524, aregions UI element 526, a connections UI element 528, and aconfiguration UI element 530 that may be selected to create, configureand/or edit a gateway 106, devices, regions 118, connections (e.g., VPNs110, links 142), and/or other configurations relating to a globalnetwork.

GUI 520 also includes a search gateway UI element 532 for a user 138 toenter a search term to locate a gateway 106. In the current example, theuser 138 has identified three gateways to include within the globalnetwork as indicated by indicator 534. GUI 530 also includes a cancelnetwork UI element 536 to cancel registration of a gateway 106 and aregister gateway UI element 538 to include one or more gateways 106 aspart of the global network.

FIG. 5C shows GUI 540 that includes user interface (UI) elements forviewing information about a gateway 106 within a global network. More orfewer UI elements may be included within GUI 540. As illustrated, theGUI 540 includes a home UI element 542 to go to a home display, anevents UI element 544 to configure alarms, actions, and tasks toperform, and a policies UI element 546 to configure policies for theglobal network.

The GUI 540 also includes a view of a map 548 that displays a world viewthat includes gateway UI elements 554A-554C that show different gateways106 that are part of the global map. UI element 556 provides anindication to the user 138 to select one of the gateway UI elements 554to obtain details about the gateway 106. In the current example, theuser has selected gateway UI element 554A. In response to selection ofthe gateway UI element 554A, graphical window 552 is displayed.Graphical window 552 includes a graph view that shows the connections ofgateway 106F to VPCs 112K-VPC 112M, link 560, connection 558, andgateway 106A. More or less information may be shown within graphicalwindow 552.

GUI 540 also shows a create gateway UI element 562, an import network UIelement 564, and a remove gateway UI element 566. Indicator 568 showsadditional details relating to gateway 106A and gateway 106F.

FIG. 5D shows GUI 570 that includes user interface (UI) elements forviewing a graph representing a portion of the global network andperforming a search of the graph. More or fewer UI elements may beincluded within GUI 570. As illustrated, the GUI 570 includes a gatewaysUI element 572 selectable to access information about gateways 106 ofthe global network, a devices UI element 574 selectable to accessinformation about devices of the global network, a regions UI element576 selectable to access information about networks of the globalnetwork, a connections UI element 578 to selectable to accessinformation about connections of the global network, and a configurationUI element 580 selectable to access configuration information about theglobal network.

The GUI 570 also includes a graph display area 586 that display aconnected graph representing a portion of the global network. In thecurrent example, the graph display area 586 shows a portion of a globalnetwork connected to gateway 106G. As can be seen, the gateway 106G isconnected to a VPC 114N and a VPN 110L. The VPC 114N is connected toVPCs 1140-1140R, which are connected to resources 114M-114S. VPN 110L isconnected to VPC 1105, link 142L, and direct connection 108A. The user138 may identify what to display in the graph display area 586 usingselection UI elements 584. For instance, the user 138 has selected toshow devices, links, sites. In other examples, the selection UI elements584 may include other options to show more or fewer details. Similarly,the user 138 may select elements to collapse within the graph. Forinstance, if the user selected to collapse the VPN connections, then thegraph display area may not show the connections to VPN 110L.

GUI 570 also includes a graph search UI element 588 for a user 138 toenter a search term to locate a portion or resource within the graph. Inthe current example, the user 138 has entered the search term “EAST” inthe graph search UI element 590. In response to the search, the networkmanagement service 122 has returned two results “GATEWAY 2” and “GATEWAY3”, and the user has selected “GATEWAY 2” to be illustrated within graphdisplay area 586 as indicated by indicator 594.

FIG. 5E shows GUI 592 that includes user interface (UI) elements forviewing a graph representing a global network. More or fewer UI elementsmay be included within GUI 592. As illustrated, the GUI 592 includes UIelements selectable to access information about the global network. TheGUI 5920 displays a connected graph representing the global network asillustrated in FIG. 1.

As can be seen, the gateway 106G is connected to network 118A, network118B, and network 118C. Network 118A includes gateway 106A connected togateway 106G, VPCs 112A-112C, and VPN 110A. VPN 110A is connected toconnector 108A that is connected to resources 114R1 that includesresources (114A-114C) of an external network. Network 118B includesgateway 106B connected to gateway 106G, VPCs 112E-112G, and VPN 110B.VPN 110B is connected to connector 108B that is connected to resources114R3 that includes resources (114F-114H) of an external network.Network 118C includes gateway 106C connected to gateway 106G, VPCs112H-112J, and link 142 coupled to connector 108C that is connected toresources 114R2 that includes resources (114D and 114E) of an externalnetwork.

As illustrated with regard to FIG. 5D, the user 138 may identify what todisplay in the graph display area using selection UI elements 584. Inthe current example of FIG. 5E, the user 138 has selected to show theentire global network. In other examples, the selection UI elements 584may include other options to show more or fewer details. Similarly, theuser 138 may select elements to collapse within the graph.

FIGS. 6-9 are flow diagrams showing illustrative routines 600, 700, 800,and 900 for configuration and management of global scalable networks,according to examples disclosed herein. It should be appreciated thatthe logical operations described herein with respect to FIG. 6, FIG. 6,FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and the other FIGS., can be implemented (1) as asequence of computer implemented acts or program modules running on acomputing system and/or (2) as interconnected machine logic circuits orcircuit modules within the computing system.

The implementation of the various components described herein is amatter of choice dependent on the performance and other requirements ofthe computing system. Accordingly, the logical operations describedherein are referred to variously as operations, structural devices,acts, or modules. These operations, structural devices, acts, andmodules can be implemented in software, in firmware, in special purposedigital logic, and any combination thereof. It should also beappreciated that more or fewer operations can be performed than shown inthe FIGS. and described herein. These operations can also be performedin parallel, or in a different order than those described herein. Someor all of these operations can also be performed by components otherthan those specifically identified.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine 600 forconfiguration and management of a scalable global private network,according to some examples. The routine 600 may be performed bycomputing resources 120 associated with the NMS 102 and/or othercomputing resources, such as computing resources associated with someother network or system.

At 610, one or more interfaces are provided for configuration andmanagement of a scalable global network. As discussed above, the NMS 102may expose one or more API(s) 140, a CLI, and/or a UI 136, such as agraphical user interface. A user, such as user 138, may utilize theinterfaces to configure, view, and manage global networks.

At 620, a request is received to perform an operation forconfiguration/management of a scalable global private network. Forexample, the request may be to add a stand-alone network to the currentglobal network, change a policy (e.g., security policy) associated withthe network, add a resource to one or more of the networks forming theglobal private network, configure one or more events and/or actions,configure monitoring, or perform some other action or operation. Asdiscussed above, the request may be received from a user, such as user138 of a service provider network 104. In some examples, the networkmanagement service 122 within NMS 102 receives the request.

At 630, the action to perform is identified. As discussed above, NMS 102may receive the request and identify the service, component, or deviceto perform the requested operation. In some examples, the NMS 102 maycause one or more workflows to be performed in response to the request.For instance, the NMS may identify that the request alters the globalnetwork, such as an update a security policy, add a resource to aparticular region, monitor one or metrics, determine reachabilitybetween specified nodes within the global network, and the like.

At 640, static analysis of the global network may be performed. Asdiscussed above, the network reachability service 206 may perform astatic analysis using formal methods, or some other verificationtechnique, in response to a request from a user 138 and/or in responseto some other event (e.g., a change of network topology). In someconfigurations, the static analysis may be performed before the networkchange is implemented. In this way, if a network connectivity issues isdetected by the analysis, the user 138 may be provided with dataindicating the issue and/or recommendations to correct the issue withnetwork connectivity.

At 650, the request to perform the action is transmitted to one or moreof the locations of the global private network. For example, if therequest is to change a security policy, the network management service122 may provide the security policy to the network managers 208 toimplement the change within each of the geographic locations and providethe change to the external networks 116 when determined.

At 660, the metrics/events to monitor within the locations of thenetworks forming the global network are configured. As discussed above,the network management service 122, the event service 322, the metricsservice 324, or the reachability service 206 may transmit instructionsto the network managers 208, or some other service, device or component,to monitor one or more network resources within the different locations.

At 670, the scalable global private network is monitored. As discussedabove, each of the networks at the different locations may monitorevents and metrics and provide metrics data and events data back to theNMS 102 for further analysis and/or actions. In some examples, thereachability service 206 utilizes monitoring information from thedifferent locations to identify when there may be a connectivity issuebetween specified endpoints in the global network. See FIG. 8 and FIG. 9for additional details.

At 680, network data is provided to a user and/or some other device orcomponent. As discussed above, the NMS 102 may provide data to the user138 via a UI 136, such as a GUI, and/or use the data to trigger one ormore alarms and/or perform one or more workflows.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine 700 forcreating a gateway 106 within the global network. The routine 700 may beperformed by computing resources 120 associated with the NMS 102 and/orother computing resources associated with the global network. Whileroutine 700 illustrates a request to create a gateway, a similar routinemay be performed to perform other actions within the global network.

At 710, a request is received to create a gateway 106 for a particularnetwork location. As discussed above, the user 138 may utilize an API140, a CLI, or a UI 136 to request to create a gateway 106. In someconfigurations, the network management service 122 receives the requestto create a gateway 106.

At 720, the request to create the gateway is transmitted to the locationin which the gateway 106 is to be created. As discussed above, thenetwork management service 122 may transmit the request to a networkmanager 208 to create the gateway in the network 118.

At 730, a response is received from the region indicating whether thegateway was created and/or whether any problems occurred during thecreation of the gateway 106. In some configurations, the network manager208 transmits a message to the network management service 122 indicatingwhether the creation of the gateway 106 was successful.

At 740, a decision is made as to whether the creation of the gateway 106was successful. When the creation of the gateway 106 was successful, theroutine moves to 760. When the creation of the gateway 106 was notsuccessful, the routine moves to 750.

At 750, a notification of a problem creating the gateway 106 isprovided. According to some examples, the notification may be providedto the user 138 via a UI 136. In other examples, the notification may beprovided to a service, component and/or device.

At 760, the gateway may be connected to other regions when determined.For example, the network management service 122 may determine from therequest that the gateway 106 is to be connected to one or more othernodes located within one or more other regions.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine 800 formonitoring network endpoints for connectivity, according to someexamples. The routine 800 may be performed by computing resources 120associated with the NMS 102 and/or other computing resources associatedwith the global network.

At 810, the network endpoints to monitor for connectivity areidentified. As discussed above, the reachability service 206 mayidentify network endpoints to check for connectivity based on inputspecified by the user 138 as well as identify other network endpoints tomonitor for connectivity, such as gateways 106, VPCs 112, VPNs 110,connectors 108, links 142, and the like.

At 820, static analysis of the global network may be performed. Asdiscussed above, the network reachability service 206 may perform astatic analysis using formal methods, or some other verificationtechnique, in response to a request from a user 138 and/or in responseto some other event (e.g., a change of network topology).

At 830, the network is dynamically monitored. As discussed above, thereachability service 206, may receive monitoring data, such as eventsdata indicating an occurrence of one or more events and metrics data,from the network managers 208 that may be used to determine connectivitybetween network endpoints within a region and/or network endpoints thatspan more than one region. In some examples, the reachability service206 may perform dynamic network connectivity checks between networkendpoints specified by the user 138 as well as other network endpoints,at predetermined times (e.g., every minute, five minutes, . . . ).

At 840, a determination is made as to whether there is connectivitybetween network endpoints. For example, the reachability service 206 mayidentify that one or more network endpoints are not reachable and/orthat specified network endpoints are reachable.

At 850, a decision is made as to whether the network endpoints havenetwork connectivity. As discussed above, the reachability service 206may decide whether the network endpoints have network connectivity. Whenthe network endpoints have network connectivity, the routine 800 returnsto 820. When the network endpoints do not have network connectivity,routine 800 flows to 860.

At 650, an action is caused to be performed. As discussed above, thereachability service 206 may provide connectivity data to the user 138via the UI 136 indicating the connectivity issue. The reachabilityservice 206 might also provide the data to one or more other services,devices, or components that in turn execute a workflow to address thenetwork connectivity issue. The routine 800 may end or return to 820.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative routine 900 formonitoring the global network to generate metrics, according to someexamples. The routine 900 may be performed by computing resources 120associated with the NMS 102 and/or other computing resources associatedwith the global network.

At 910, the network resources to monitor are identified. As discussedabove, the monitoring service 204 may identify network resources tomonitor based on input specified by the user 138 and/or identify networkresources to monitor based on other specifications. For example, thereachability service 206 may instruct the monitoring service 204 tomonitor specified metrics and/or events. In other examples, themonitoring service 204 may monitor computing resources for defaultmetrics.

At 920, the networks are configured to monitor specified computingresources. As discussed above, the monitoring service 204, may instructthe network managers 208 to monitor specified computing resources forone or more metrics and/or events.

At 930, monitoring data is received from the different networklocations. As discussed above, the monitoring service 204 may receivemonitoring data including the metrics from each of the differentnetworks 118. In this way, the user 138 may access the metrics for theglobal network without having to access each location separately.

At 940, an action is caused to be performed. As discussed above, themonitoring service 204 may provide events data, and/or metric data tothe user 138 via the UI 136. The monitoring service 203 might alsoprovide the data to one or more other services, devices, or componentsthat in turn execute a workflow. For example, the metric data may beutilized to trigger one or more alarms, and/or cause one or more othertask flows to be performed (e.g., automatically choose a different datastore when the data store is experiencing a high volume of requests).Similarly, an occurrence of an event may cause one or more flows to beperformed, such as by global workflow service 304 and/or regionalworkflow service 318. In some examples, the workflow may be performed byone or more computing resources located in an external network that ispart of the global network.

FIG. 10 is a system and network diagram that shows one illustrativeoperating environment for the configurations disclosed herein thatincludes an NMS 102 that can be configured to provide the functionalitydescribed above. As discussed above, the NMS 102 can execute networkservices that provide computing resources for implementing thefunctionality disclosed herein. The computing resources implemented bythe NMS 102 can be data processing resources, such as virtual machine(“VM”) instances, data storage resources, networking resources, datacommunication resources, network services, and other types of resources.

The computing resources utilized can be general-purpose or can beavailable in a number of specific configurations. For example, dataprocessing resources can be available as physical computers or VMinstances in a number of different configurations. The VM instances canbe configured to execute applications, including web servers, servers,media servers, database servers, some or all of the network servicesdescribed above, and/or other types of programs. Data storage resourcescan include file storage devices, block storage devices, and the like.The NMS 102 can also include and utilize other types of computingresources not mentioned specifically herein.

As also discussed above, the computing resources provided by the NMS 102are enabled in one implementation by one or more data centers1004A-1004D (which might be referred to herein singularly as “a datacenter 1004” or collectively as “the data centers 1004”). The datacenters 1004 are facilities utilized to house and operate computersystems and associated components. The data centers 1004 typicallyinclude redundant and backup power, communications, cooling, andsecurity systems. The data centers 1004 can also be located ingeographically disparate locations. One illustrative configuration for adata center 1004 that can be utilized to implement the technologiesdisclosed herein will be described below with regard to FIG. 11.

The users can access the services provided by the NMS 102 over a network1002, which can be a wide area communication network (“WAN”), such asthe Internet, an intranet or an Internet service provider (“ISP”)network or a combination of such networks. For example, and withoutlimitation, a computing device 1000 operated by a user or other user ofthe NMS 102, such as the computing device 134, can be utilized to accessthe NMS 102 by way of the network 1002. It should be appreciated that alocal-area network (“LAN”), the Internet, or any other networkingtopology known in the art that connects the data centers 1004 to remoteusers and other users can be utilized. It should also be appreciatedthat combinations of such networks can also be utilized.

FIG. 11 is a computing system diagram that illustrates examples for adata center 1004 that can be utilized to configure and manage a globalnetwork, and the other functionality disclosed herein. The example datacenter 1004 shown in FIG. 11 includes several server computers1102A-1102F (which might be referred to herein singularly as “a servercomputer 1102” or in the plural as “the server computers 1102”).

The server computers 1102 can be standard tower, rack-mount, or bladeserver computers configured appropriately for providing various types ofcomputing resources 1110 for implementing the functionality disclosedherein. As mentioned above, the computing resources 1110 provided by thedata center 1004 can be data processing resources such as VM instancesor hardware computing systems, data storage resources, databaseresources, networking resources, and others. Some of the servers 1102can also be configured to execute network services 1112A-1112E,respectively, capable of instantiating, providing and/or managing thecomputing resources 1110A-1110E.

The data center 1004 shown in FIG. 11 also includes a server computer1102F that can execute some or all of the software components describedabove. For example, and without limitation, the server computer 1102Fcan be configured to execute functionality described herein, such asnetwork management system functionality 1120 and other availableservices 1122. The server computer 1102F can also be configured toexecute other components and/or to store data for providing some or allof the functionality described herein. In this regard, it should beappreciated that components or different instances of the services canexecute on many other physical or virtual servers in the data centers1004 in various configurations.

In the example data center 1004 shown in FIG. 11, an appropriate LAN1108 is also utilized to interconnect the server computers 1102A-1102F.The LAN 1108 is also connected to the network 1002 illustrated in FIG.10. It should be appreciated that the configuration of the networktopology described herein has been greatly simplified and that many morecomputing systems, software components, networks, and networking devicescan be utilized to interconnect the various computing systems disclosedherein and to provide the functionality described above. Appropriateload balancing devices or other types of network infrastructurecomponents can also be utilized for balancing a load between each of thedata centers 1004A-1004D, between each of the server computers1102A-1102F in each data center 1004, and, potentially, betweencomputing resources 1110 in each of the data centers 1004. It should beappreciated that the configuration of the data center 1004 describedwith reference to FIG. 11 is merely illustrative and that otherimplementations can be utilized.

FIG. 12 shows an example computer architecture for a computer 1200capable of executing program components for implementing thefunctionality described above. The computer architecture shown in FIG.12 illustrates a conventional server computer, workstation, desktopcomputer, laptop, tablet, network appliance, e-reader, smartphone, orother computing device, and can be utilized to execute any of thesoftware components presented herein.

The computer 1200 includes a baseboard 1202, or “motherboard,” which isa printed circuit board to which a multitude of components or devicescan be connected by way of a system bus or other electricalcommunication paths. In one illustrative configuration, one or morecentral processing units (“CPUs”) 1204 operate in conjunction with achipset 1206. The CPUs 1204 can be standard programmable processors thatperform arithmetic and logical operations necessary for the operation ofthe computer 1200.

The CPUs 1204 perform operations by transitioning from one discrete,physical state to the next through the manipulation of switchingelements that differentiate between and change these states. Switchingelements can generally include electronic circuits that maintain one oftwo binary states, such as flip-flops, and electronic circuits thatprovide an output state based on the logical combination of the statesof one or more other switching elements, such as logic gates. Thesebasic switching elements can be combined to create more complex logiccircuits, including registers, adders-subtractors, arithmetic logicunits, floating-point units, and the like.

The chipset 1206 provides an interface between the CPUs 1204 and theremainder of the components and devices on the baseboard 1202. Thechipset 1206 can provide an interface to a RAM 1208, used as the mainmemory in the computer 1200. The chipset 1206 can further provide aninterface to a computer-readable storage medium such as a read-onlymemory (“ROM”) 1210 or non-volatile RAM (“NVRAM”) for storing basicprocess that help to startup the computer 1200 and to transferinformation between the various components and devices. The ROM 1210 orNVRAM can also store other software components necessary for theoperation of the computer 1200 in accordance with the configurationsdescribed herein.

The computer 1200 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections to remote computing devices and computer systems through anetwork, such as the network 1208. The chipset 1206 can includefunctionality for providing network connectivity through a NIC 1212,such as a gigabit Ethernet adapter. The NIC 1212 is capable ofconnecting the computer 1200 to other computing devices over the network1208. It should be appreciated that multiple NICs 1212 can be present inthe computer 1200, connecting the computer to other types of networksand remote computer systems.

The computer 1200 can be connected to a mass storage device 1218 thatprovides non-volatile storage for the computer. The mass storage device1218 can store an operating system 1220, programs 1222, workload controluser interface 1224, and data, which have been described in greaterdetail herein. The mass storage device 1218 can be connected to thecomputer 1200 through a storage controller 1214 connected to the chipset1206. The mass storage device 1218 can consist of one or more physicalstorage units. The storage controller 1214 can interface with thephysical storage units through a serial attached SCSI (“SAS”) interface,a serial advanced technology attachment (“SATA”) interface, a fiberchannel (“FC”) interface, or other type of interface for physicallyconnecting and transferring data between computers and physical storageunits.

The computer 1200 can store data on the mass storage device 1218 bytransforming the physical state of the physical storage units to reflectthe information being stored. The specific transformation of physicalstate can depend on various factors, in different implementations ofthis description. Examples of such factors can include, but are notlimited to, the technology used to implement the physical storage units,whether the mass storage device 1218 is characterized as primary orsecondary storage, and the like.

For example, the computer 1200 can store information to the mass storagedevice 1218 by issuing instructions through the storage controller 1214to alter the magnetic characteristics of a particular location within amagnetic disk drive unit, the reflective or refractive characteristicsof a particular location in an optical storage unit, or the electricalcharacteristics of a particular capacitor, transistor, or other discretecomponent in a solid-state storage unit. Other transformations ofphysical media are possible without departing from the scope and spiritof the present description, with the foregoing examples provided only tofacilitate this description. The computer 1200 can further readinformation from the mass storage device 1218 by detecting the physicalstates or characteristics of one or more particular locations within thephysical storage units.

In addition to the mass storage device 1218 described above, thecomputer 1200 can have access to other computer-readable storage mediato store and retrieve information, such as program modules, datastructures, or other data. It should be appreciated by those skilled inthe art that computer-readable storage media is any available media thatprovides for the non-transitory storage of data and that can be accessedby the computer 1200.

By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage mediacan include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology. Computer-readable storage mediaincludes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, erasable programmable ROM(“EPROM”), electrically-erasable programmable ROM (“EEPROM”), flashmemory or other solid-state memory technology, compact disc ROM(“CD-ROM”), digital versatile disk (“DVD”), high definition DVD(“HD-DVD”), BLU-RAY, or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium that can be used to store the desired information ina non-transitory fashion.

As mentioned briefly above, the mass storage device 1218 can store anoperating system 1220 utilized to control the operation of the computer1200. According to examples, the operating system comprises the LINUXoperating system or one of its variants. According to anotherconfiguration, the operating system comprises the WINDOWS® SERVERoperating system from MICROSOFT Corporation. According to furtherconfigurations, the operating system can comprise the UNIX operatingsystem or one of its variants. It should be appreciated that otheroperating systems can also be utilized. The mass storage device 1218 canstore other system or application programs and data utilized by thecomputer 1200.

In examples, the mass storage device 1218 or other computer-readablestorage media is encoded with computer-executable instructions which,when loaded into the computer 1200, transform the computer from ageneral-purpose computing system into a special-purpose computer capableof implementing the configurations described herein. Thesecomputer-executable instructions transform the computer 1200 byspecifying how the CPUs 1204 transition between states, as describedabove. According to examples, the computer 1200 has access tocomputer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructionswhich, when executed by the computer 1200, perform the various processesdescribed above with regard to FIGS. 1-12. The computer 1200 can alsoinclude computer-readable storage media for performing any of the othercomputer-implemented operations described herein.

The computer 1200 can also include one or more input/output controllers1216 for receiving and processing input from a number of input devices,such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touchpad, a touch screen, an electronicstylus, or other type of input device. Similarly, an input/outputcontroller 1216 can provide output to a display, such as a computermonitor, a flat-panel display, a digital projector, a printer, or othertype of output device. It will be appreciated that the computer 1200might not include all of the components shown in FIG. 12, can includeother components that are not explicitly shown in FIG. 12, or canutilize an architecture completely different than that shown in FIG. 12.

Based on the foregoing, it should be appreciated that technologies forconfiguration and management of global private networks have beendisclosed herein. Moreover, although the subject matter presented hereinhas been described in language specific to computer structural features,methodological acts, and computer readable media, it is to be understoodthat the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarilylimited to the specific features, acts, or media described herein.Rather, the specific features, acts, and media are disclosed as exampleforms of implementing the claims.

The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustrationonly and should not be construed as limiting. Furthermore, the claimedsubject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or alldisadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure. Variousmodifications and changes can be made to the subject matter describedherein without following the example configurations and applicationsillustrated and described, and without departing from the true spiritand scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: one or more processors; andone or more computer-readable media storing computer-executableinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe one or more processors to: provide for display, to a computingdevice of a user of a service provider network, a graphical userinterface (GUI) that includes user interface (UI) elements relating toconfiguring a global network that includes one or more stand-alonenetworks, the global network spanning across a first network that ishosted by the service provider network within a first geographiclocation and a second network that is hosted by the service providernetwork within a second geographic location; generate a graph thatdepicts the global network, wherein the graph includes first nodes thatrepresent gateways, second nodes that represent stand-alone networks,and one or more of third nodes and edges that represent connectionsbetween the first network, the second network, and the one or morestand-alone networks; provide, to the computing device of the user, thegraph for display within the GUI; receive, via one or more of the UIelements of the GUI, configuration data associated with configuration ofthe global network; identify, based on the configuration data, an actionto perform within one or more of the first network, the second network,and the one or more stand-alone networks, wherein the action is selectedfrom one or more of performing a configuring one or more of thegateways, configuring one or more of the stand-alone networks,configuring one or more of the connections, and configuring one or moreof the links; transmit instructions, to one or more of the stand-alonenetworks, the first network, and the second network, to cause the actionto be performed; generate an updated graph that reflects a currentconfiguration of the global network; and provide, to the computingdevice of the user, the updated graph for display within the GUI.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the one ormore processors to: receive, from the computing device of the user,second data that indicates a request to generate a second graph of atleast one of the stand-alone networks; generate the second graph thatrepresents the at least one of the stand-alone networks; generate asecond updated graph that includes the updated graph and the secondgraph; and provide, to the computing device of the user, the secondupdated graph for display within the GUI.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to:receive, from the first network, first monitoring data that indicatesfirst operating characteristics of first networking resources in thefirst network; receive, from the second network, second monitoring datathat indicates second operating characteristics of second networkingresources in the second network; and cause one or more second actions tobe performed within one or more of the first network and the secondgeographical network based on one or more of the first monitoring dataand the second monitoring data.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein theinstructions further cause the one or more processors to: generate anannotated graph that reflects at least a portion of the first monitoringdata and the second monitoring data; and provide for display, to thecomputing device of the user, the annotated graph for display within theGUI.
 5. A computer-implemented method comprising: generating a graph ofa global network that includes a stand-alone network and that spansacross a first network that is hosted by a service provider networkwithin a first geographic location and a second network that is hostedby the service provider network within a second geographic location;providing for display, to a computing device of a user of the serviceprovider network, a graphical user interface (GUI) that includes adisplay of at least a portion of the graph and one or more userinterface (UI) elements relating to configuring the global network;receiving, from the computing device of the user, configuration dataassociated with configuration of the global network via one or more ofan interaction with the at least the portion of the graph and the one ormore UI elements; identifying, based at least in part on theconfiguration data, an action to perform within one or more of the firstnetwork and the second network, wherein the action is selected from oneor more of configuring one or more gateways, configuring he stand-alonenetwork, and configuring one or more connections; and causing the actionto be performed within one or more of the first network and the secondnetwork.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, furthercomprising: generating an updated graph that reflects a currentconfiguration of the global network; and providing, to the computingdevice of the user, the updated graph for display within the GUI.
 7. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein generating the graphincludes generating one or more first nodes that represent the one ormore gateways, one or more second nodes that represent the one or morestand-alone networks, and one or more of third nodes and edges thatrepresent the one or more connections between the one or morestand-alone networks and the service provider network.
 8. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving,via the GUI, second data that indicates a selection of at least one ofthe one more first nodes that represent at least one of the one or moregateways; and providing for display within the GUI, a gateway graph viewthat depicts connections of the at least one of the one or moregateways, wherein the connections include one or more first connectionsto virtual private clouds (VPCs), one or more second connections tovirtual private networks (VPNs), and one or more third connections tothe one or more links that connects the stand-alone network.
 9. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein causing the action to beperformed includes transmitting instructions, to the stand-alonenetwork, the first network, and the second network, to perform theaction.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, furthercomprising: generating a second graph that represents a secondstand-alone network that is separate from the global network; generatingan updated graph of the global network that includes the second graph;and providing, to the computing device of the user, the updated graphfor display within the GUI.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim5, further comprising: receiving, from the first network, firstmonitoring data that indicates first operating characteristics of firstnetworking resources in the first network; receiving, from the secondnetwork, second monitoring data that indicates second operatingcharacteristics of second networking resources in the second network;and causing one or more second actions to be performed based, at leastin part, on one or more of the first monitoring data and the secondmonitoring data.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11,further comprising: generating an annotated graph that reflects at leasta portion of the first monitoring data and the second monitoring data;and providing, to the computing device of the user, the annotated graphfor display within the GUI.
 13. The computer-implemented method of claim5, further comprising: receiving, via the GUI, a search term; receivingsearch data in response to performing a search of the graph using thesearch term; and providing for display within the GUI, at least aportion of the search data.
 14. A system comprising: one or moreprocessors associated with a service provider network; and one or morecomputer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions that,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or moreprocessors to: generate a graph of a global network that includes astand-alone network and that spans across a first network that is hostedby a service provider network within a first geographic location and asecond network that is hosted by the service provider network within asecond geographic location; provide for display, to a computing deviceof a user of the service provider network, a graphical user interface(GUI) that includes a display of at least a portion of the graph and oneor more user interface (UI) elements relating to configuring the globalnetwork; receive, from the computing device of the user, configurationdata associated with configuration of the global network via one or moreof an interaction with the at least the portion of the graph and the oneor more UI elements; identify, based at least in part on theconfiguration data, an action to perform within one or more of the firstnetwork, the second network, and the stand-alone network, wherein theaction is selected from one or more of configuring one or more gateways,configuring the stand-alone network, and configuring one or moreconnections; and cause the action to be performed within one or more ofthe first network and the second network.
 15. The system of claim 14,wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to:generate an updated graph that reflects a current configuration of theglobal network; and provide, to the computing device of the user, theupdated graph for display within the GUI.
 16. The system of claim 14,wherein generating the graph includes generating one or more first nodesthat represent the one or more gateways, one or more second nodes thatrepresent the stand-alone network, and one or more of third nodes andedges that represent the one or more connections between one or more ofthe stand-alone network and the service provider network and the firstnetwork and the second network.
 17. The system of claim 14, wherein theinstructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive, viathe GUI, second data that indicates a selection of at least one of theone more first nodes that represent at least one of the one or moregateways; and provide for display within the GUI, a gateway graph viewthat shows connections of the at least one of the one or more gateways,wherein the connections include one or more first connections to virtualprivate clouds (VPCs), one or more second connections to virtual privatenetworks (VPNs), and one or more third connections to one or more links.18. The system of claim 14, wherein the instructions further cause theone or more processors to: generate a second graph that represents asecond stand-alone network that is separate from the global network;generate an updated graph of the global network that includes the secondgraph; and provide, to the computing device of the user, the updatedgraph for display within the GUI.
 19. The system of claim 14, whereinthe instructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive,from the first network, first monitoring data that indicates firstoperating characteristics of first networking resources in the firstnetwork; receive, from the second network, second monitoring data thatindicates second operating characteristics of second networkingresources in the second network; and cause one or more second actions tobe performed based, at least in part, on one or more of the firstmonitoring data and the second monitoring data.
 20. The system of claim14, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processorsto: generate an annotated graph that reflects at least a portion of thefirst monitoring data and the second monitoring data; and provide, tothe computing device of the user, the annotated graph for display withinthe GUI.